Grammatical category existing in some languages, which indicates the syntactical function performed by the word in the clause. Latin has six cases: the nominative case corresponds to the subject, accusative to the direct object, dative to the indirect object, genitive to the noun modifier, ablative to the adverb, and vocative to the addressee of the enunciate. Germanic has only the first four cases.

Languages spoken by the central nations: French, English, Italian and German.

The four nations (sometimes corresponding to more than one state) around which all the European history revolves: France (and its annexes Walloon Belgium and Romanish Switzerland), Italy (and Italian Switzerland), Great Britain (and Ireland) and Germany (including Austria, German Switzerland and sometimes even the Netherlands).

Vowel articulated in the middle of the oral cavity, between the lips and the throat, such as [a] or [ə], for example.

The literary (classical, medieval and modern) Latin and the literary Greek (5^th to 2^ndcentury BC).

See Latin.

Vowel articulated with the tongue close to the roof of the mouth, such as [i] or [u], for example.

See Proto-Germanic.

Set of the consonantal phonemes of a language.

See Symmetry.