See Allophone.

Consonant pronounced in the region of the soft palate (between the hard palate and the uvula), as[k], [g] and [x], for example.

See Heritage and Inherited.

See Symmetry.

Consonant articulated by means of vibration of the tip of the tongue, as [r], or the uvula, as [ʀ], for example.

Set of the vocalic phonemes of a language.

See Case.

Consonant pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords, as [b], [d], [g], [v] and [z], for example.

Consonant pronounced without vibration of the vocal cords, as [p], [t], [k], [f] and [s], for example.

Transformation of a voiceless consonant into a voiced one.

1. Belonging to the vulgar languages. 2. It is said that a word is vulgar if it is not a loan from Greek or Latin, but is inherited, derivative of an inherited word, or loan of a vulgar word from another language.

European and non-European languages other than literary Greek and Latin; all the languages except classical languages.