Substitution of the morphemes of a foreign word for national equivalents (E. skyscraper, hot-dog → Port. arranha-céu, cachorro-quente); also called calque. However, there is a difference between translation, such as defined here, and calque, since, if we take Fr. naturel in face of Lat. naturalis, there has been the substitution of Latin suffix -alis for French vernacular -el. The specialised literature does not consider this a calque, but it does not fail to be a kind of translation. Therefore, translation consists of the substitution of any morpheme of a loanword for another, of any other origin, with equivalent meaning. Translations can be total (substitution of all the morphemes, as in E. skyscraper → Port. arranha-céu) or partial (substitution of some morphemes only, as in Lat. naturalis → Fr. naturel). A special case of total translation is the so-called semantic loanword, or loan meaning, as E. star, which was equivalent to Port. estrela only in the sense of ‘celestial body’ and later began to also mean ‘famous actress’, so that Portuguese borrowed this second sense of estrela from English.